SST Variations
Holocene SST reconstructions are more spatially complete mediante the North Atlantic compared puro other oceans, although still primarily limited esatto high sediment-accumulation-rate, near-shore basins. Pioneering research seeking puro identify per long-term movimento in upper ocean temperatures focused on reconstructing SSTs for 9 and 6 ka, using planktonic foraminiferal assemblages ( Ruddiman and Mix, 1993 ). Calibration studies sopra the 1950s and 1960s had demonstrated that indivisible groupings of planktonic Foraminifera are highly correlated preciso SST, durante addition sicuro salinity and ciotola-column nutrients ( Morey et al., 2005 ). Ruddiman and Mix (1993) found no discernible pattern of past SST variability mediante the North Atlantic and questioned both the methodology used for quantitative reconstructions and the age control associated with variable sediment-accumulation rates.
A subsequent study of reconstructed summer SST for 6 ka, using per variety of methods (diatom assemblages, marine mollusks, and dinoflagellate cysts), found that warmer conditions (+ 1–4 °C imparfaite onesto today) inundated the Norwegian Sea, Hudson Bay, Baffin Bay, Nares Strait, Davis Strait, Labrador Sea, and Greenland Sea during a time when summertime insolation was approximately 7% higher than today ( Kerwin et al. (1999) , and references therein). This inclinazione of warmer-than-present SSTs during the early onesto middle Holocene is perhaps best illustrated sopra core MD952011 ( Pelato et al., 2002 ) from the Norwegian Sea where maximum SST warming (+ 2 ° C divisee preciso today) accompanied the Holocene Thermal Maximum between 8.6 and 5.5 ka, followed by verso gradual cooling sicuro today’s temperatures.
A major breakthrough in Holocene paleoceanography was made with the development of alkenone paleothermometry in the 1980s ( Brassell et al., 1986 ). Alkenones are long-chained ketones synthesized as membrane lipids by certain kinds of algae that are well preserved in marine sediments (see Alkenone Paleothermometry Based on the Haptophyte Algae ). The alkenone unsaturation index U K 37 is considered to be a robust proxy for SST because the algal organisms synthesizing alkenones must live in the photic zone, where their growth temperature is closely tied to SST. By measuring the alkenone unsaturation ratio preserved in a wide array of marine-sediment cores, a detailed picture of past surface ocean conditions ).
Alkenone-based SST reconstructions from seven high-accumulation sediment cores sopra the North Atlantic (north of 35 ° N) and the western Mediterranean Sea esibizione verso cooling tendenza of 0.15–0.27 ° C per thousand years over the past 10 ka ( ). These records are significant sopra that they span per large reparto of the NE North Atlantic from 36° onesto 74 ° N latitude ( Figure 6 ). This surface ocean cooling inclinazione is also apparent in three non-alkenone reconstructions from the Labrador Sea and Iceland Basin ( Figure 7 ). Isotopic analyses (? 18 Ovvero) on two foraminiferal species, con combination with dinocyst assemblage giorno, suggest that SSTs have been cooling steadily since the early Holocene ( Solignac et al., 2004 ). These ? 18 Ovvero records each esibizione more high-frequency variability than the alkenone-derived records, likely because of the sensitivity of isotopes sicuro changes per sea-surface salinity as well as surface temperature ( Solignac et al., 2004 ).
PALEOCEANOGRAPHY, RECORDS | Postglacial North Atlantic
From ) Apparent long-term cooling of the sea surface sopra the northeast Atlantic and Mediterranean during the Holocene. Quaternary Science Reviews 21: 455–583.
From Solignac S, de Vernal Verso, and Hillaire-) Holocene sea-surface conditions mediante the North Atlantic – contrasted trends and regimes mediante the western and eastern sectors (Labrador Ricerca adultspace Sea vs. Iceland Basin). Quaternary Science Reviews 23: 319–334.